disruption of food chain due to water pollution
Agriculture is the single largest contributor of ammonia pollution as well as emitting other nitrogen compounds. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[336,280],'environmental_conscience_com-leader-1','ezslot_18',149,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-environmental_conscience_com-leader-1-0');Also, their growth behavior and crop yields might be adversely affected. Such gasses contain sulfur dioxide (SO2) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) released by burning fossil fuels into the atmosphere. Many animals may also be forced to leave their natural habitats due to changes in the food web. The destruction or altering of food webs can lead to an imbalance of whole ecosystems. The overall effects of changes in the food chain and food webs are hard to predict since there are so many interconnections. However, the effects of dams on the region's river ecosystems, as mediated by physicochemical changes in the water quality, are poorly known. In turn, whole food webs and ecosystems may collapse with still unknown consequences for our planet and for humanity. disruption of food chain due to water pollution. Without sharks, you take away the apex predator of the ocean, and you destroy the entire food chain.. Air pollution has been the highlight of all major international level meetings, air is something we all share and cherish. If the water becomes polluted through human interventions of several sorts, chances are that also aquatic animals and plants may significantly suffer from this pollution. disruption of food chain due to water pollution By January 19, 2023 January 19, 2023 watermelon cayenne pepper drink on disruption of food chain due to water pollution By introducing such measures, our overpopulation problem would be naturally solved. Carbon dioxide is also released from fossil fuel burning which results in global warming. And Chinook salmon, usually found around California and Oregon, are now entering Arctic rivers. Water contamination disrupting food chain ecosystem. Children, pregnant women, the elderly, low-income communities and those with weakened immune systems or chronic medical conditions will be most susceptible to the changes in food access, safety and nutrition. However, climate change is altering rainfall patterns around the world. Some shellfish, such as mussels and pterapods (tiny marine snails at the base of the food chain) are already beginning to create thinner shells, leaving them more vulnerable to predators. Webdisruption of food chain due to water pollution. First we have to understand that the Earth is on its own time frame as to how the weather is going to be. In laymans terms, it basically shows who eats whom in an ecosystem. When natural bacteria and protozoan in the water break down this organic material, they begin to use up the oxygen dissolved in the water. Direct pollution leads to poor ocean health and the disruption of important industries like tourism or fishing. Were most concerned about the sharply reduced yields, said Peter de Menocal, Dean of Science at Columbia University and director of the Center for Climate and Life. I think it will help you see this issue much better. This in turn could lead to the disruption of food chains. Deforestation. Although it is still regarded as rather minor environmental issue by the general public, acid rain can have severe environmental effects. Web222 views, 27 likes, 1 loves, 1 comments, 5 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from WWF-Laos: WWF at the 4th MRC Summit. As a result, the ocean is warmer today than its ever been since recordkeeping began in 1880. It should also include the introduction of even more nature reserves in order to provide animals and plants more opportunities to develop in a natural manner in the absence of human interventions. The world population is expected to grow to almost 10 billion by 2050. 1. Biomagnification is the accumulation of a substance up the food chain by transfer of the pollutant in smaller organisms that are food for larger organisms in the chain. Most of these emissions are produced by manufacturing so that companies and factories can address this with social responsibility and action. Agricultural Activities 13. Research suggests that as plants lose water more slowly, their circulation slows down, and they draw in less nitrogen and minerals from the soil. If a prey animal decreases in population, also predator animals may decrease in population since they do no longer find sufficient food. Flooding can result in saturated soils, or soils that are filled with water. Even though the disruption of food webs is not frequently a topic in our news, it is still a significant environmental problem which we should fight rigorously. So what kind of solutions can science provide to help?. Therefore, some animal or plant species may decrease in population, which in turn starts a chain reaction since food webs are interconnected constructs. Our rivers, lakes and oceans are quite sensitive ecosystems. Acid rain. https://www.britannica.com/science/food-web, https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/food-web/. Polluted water most affects animals and plants which depend on water for life. Climate change will also enable weeds, pests and fungi to expand their range and numbers. Apart from human-made causes, food webs can also be destroyed due to natural disasters. In the case of animals, several cases of deaths related to air pollution have been witnessed in different parts of the world. The PVC lifecycle -- its production, use, and disposal -- results in the release of toxic, chlorine-based chemicals. From oil spills to commercial drainages all add up to destroy the precious water bodies. The circle continues since predator animals that rely on the prey animals which decreased in population may now also suffer from a decrease in population and so on. The 2010 Gulf of Mexico spill injured more than 82,000 birds, 25,900 marine animals, 6165 sea turtles, and an unknown number of fish and Invertebrates in the study. In addition, It disturbs the ecosystems that marine life depends upon. Most of these emissions are produced by manufacturing so that companies and factories can address this with social responsibility and action. Food shortage as the lands become barren and the oceans become fishless. In 2014, residents in Flint, Michigan, experienced water contamination due to inadequate testing and treatment of their water supply. We have no hesitation in transporting oil or gas over massive distances so why not water? Both affect the air quality immensely and make it very harmful for breathing and sometimes extremely toxic. Climate change will not only affect food production and consumers; as optimal growing conditions shift with the climate, communities that depend on fishing or farming for their livelihoods will be disrupted. Such an oil spill can cause differing harm to ocean species, depending on the amount of oil spilled, pollutant toxicity, and the depth of the ocean. O ne oxygen atom linked to a couple of hydrogen atoms gives us the Earths most valuable resource. Hotter weather will lead to faster evaporation, resulting in more droughts and water shortagesso there will be less water for irrigation just when it is needed most. But as long as man is greedy and feels that fixing an old building is not good, but clearing land to build a new building is good, we will continue to destroy ourselves. Each layer of the food chain passes on their pollutants to the next layer as it gets eaten (Closs, et al. The pollution of the soil can lead to severe distortions in the food web. However, the effects of dams on the region's river ecosystems, as mediated by physicochemical changes in the water quality, are poorly known. Furthermore, the textiles and fashion industry has caused a 7% decrease in local groundwater and drinking water globally, and especially in water stressed manufacturing countries such as India and China. Oil spill poses an enormous threat to marine life as large quantities of oil spill into the sea and does not dissolve in water. Climate change impacts the worlds water in complex ways. When natural bacteria and protozoan in the water break down this organic material, they begin to use up the oxygen dissolved in the water. When temperatures rise, the warmer air holds more moisture and can make precipitation more intense. Climate projections show that droughts will become more common in much of the U.S., especially the southwest. The addition of certain microorganisms or their disappearance distorts the environment. This post was written as part of Climate Week NYC and Columbia Universitys Year of Water. Thus, large amounts of plastics are ending up in the oceans. Warmer waters can alter the timing of fish migration and reproduction, and could speed up fish metabolism, resulting in their bodies taking up more mercury. During severe drought years, rainfed rice yields have decreased 17 to 40 percent.
These are due to various national and global factors In-N-Out Burger cant control. Disruptions due to disaster can also occur at any stage of FSC with the greatest impact caused at the production stage. 1, 2023 The smog effect or beret effect happens when a sort of dark fog is spread over the towns and fields. Acid rain can turn waterways poisonous and can kill fish and other animals. Especially in poor countries, hunting elephants and selling their ivory tusks on the black market can make locals a fortune. When this occurs, it kills aquatic organisms in large numbers which leads to disruptions in the food chain. cia underground facilities in st louis; plotly change background color based on value; Fashion and its supply chain is the third largest polluting industry, after food and construction. I was using this article to help get some research for my essay but it did way more than that, it really opened my eyes on on what climate Change is doing to our planet and to think that this is only one of the affects of climate change. Of course, the best way to reduce these risks to our food supply is to implement policies to cut greenhouse gas emissions. Since the production of waste implies various sorts of pollution, which in turn could hurt a variety of animals and plants and in turn distort our food webs, we should all try to reduce our waste production on a daily basis. We need to stop our over growing population. Thank You. 2. They affect food webs through energy production and agriculture, pollution, habitat destruction, overfishing and hunting. Different industries produce specific profiles of air pollutants, and the major source of metal pollution such as lead is metal smelting, while niche applications of lead, such as in the manufacturing of certain aviation fuels, often contribute. When humans eat fish, they ingest the mercury, which can have toxic effects on human health. Explain how Air Pollution and Water Pollution affect the Environment? Water pollution can have major environmental impacts. Depending on the level of pollution, this may lead to serious disruptions in the food chain. You had a huge amount of information I could use. It is also crucial to improve education on the topic of food webs. There are three drivers of near-term losses for suppliers that are hit by such events, potentially leading to losses of up to 200 percent of annual profit and 35 percent of revenues: physical damages to assets, including facilities, production equipment, and inventories; reduced sales, either because production is disrupted or because goods Good for you Annie for taking on this issue. Global warming is a direct result of the greenhouse effect, produced by high CO2 and methane emissions into the atmosphere. The combustion process releases pollutants, such as particles and carbon monoxide, into the air and also releases rapidly forming substances into nitrogen oxides and ozone, which are important air pollutants. WebDisruption of food-chains. Illegal hunting is still a big problem in some countries on our planet. 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Pollution interferes with the food chain by transferring the toxins from one level in the chain to another. Identify key suppliers to assess the potential impact of supply chain disruptions on operations and investigate concerns in line with other due diligence duties. WebPollution can have a significant effect on the environment. Lobster boats in Maine must range further north. Because floodwaters can transport sewage, manure or pollutants from roads, farms and lawns, more pathogens and toxins could find their way into our food. Unless food is stored properly, this could increase the risk of spoilage and contamination and result in more food-borne illness. Both sources of indoor smoking are linked with respiratory diseases. This may lead whole ecosystems to get out of balance in the long run. For example, birds of prey eat rodents, which eat insects, that in turn, eat plants. When not properly disposed of the coolant used in old refrigerators, cars, air conditioners, and other machines, it leaks CFCs into the atmosphere as liquids evaporate or work their way into the soil. Have the students carefully mix the dye and water and then have them place their flowers in the water/dye. If those farmers suffer from a decline in crop yields due to distortions in the food web, they may suffer from serious levels of poverty and may no longer be able to provide for their families. We are supposed to eat meat, so G_D gave us animals to take care of, to meet our dietary needs. Aquaculture of fresh water species is also affected by sea level rise as saltwater can move upstream in rivers. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[336,280],'environmental_conscience_com-box-4','ezslot_15',142,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-environmental_conscience_com-box-4-0');This excessive consumption also implies the production of large amounts of waste. Developing a Supply Chain Disaster Preparedness Plan. Air and water pollution if abused to the maximum level cant be turned back on immediately, several diseases and disorders previously unknown to humans have been identified as a consequence of air and water getting polluted with poisonous substances which are released from chemical and other such, Air pollution is one of the prime concerns of all countries in the 21. century, there have been several agreements between countries all over the globe to control their respective emissions and relatively lower the amount of air pollution. Webquarantine fantasy draft order. Moving into new territory, however, these species may face competition with other species over food, which can affect their survival rates. The Tropical Andes is a biodiversity hotspot facing pressure from planned and ongoing hydropower development. COVID-19 Pandemic disruptions The COVID-19 pandemic caused massive disruptions in the global food supply chain. As ocean acidity increases, there are fewer carbonate ions in the ocean for the marine species that need calcium carbonate to build their shells and skeletons. (Mercury pollution, from the burning of fossil fuels, ends up in the ocean and builds up in marine creatures.) Both sources of smog are the product of industrial and urban practice. WebThere is a two way relationship between food production and air pollution: food production contributes significantly to air pollution; in turn, air pollution can impact food production. Such gasses contain sulfur dioxide (SO. ) The fog is a pollutant load and can be of two types: sulfurous smog and photochemical smog, both toxic and harmful to health. 02122728904. When considering the effects of water pollutants on food chains we must examine specific pollutants including how they enter the water, how they move through the food chain, and how we deal with pollutants. The increased nutrient levels in bodies of water are known as eutrophication. This article has inspired me to start thinking about my choices and how to help the environment more. Wanna make a contribution to save our environment? Upon helping a friend with a paper on climate change I have discovered that there are other things humans can do to help in the climate change situation. Later, these animals are consumed by fish and shellfish, and the food chain continues to be disrupted at all higher levels. From this time on, I wanted to make a contribution to ensure a livable future for the next generations in every part of our beautiful planet. This currently contains more than one million tons of contaminated water stored in tanks. 15 Main Causes Of Water Pollution 1. The disruption of food webs may also lead to serious levels of poverty for the local population. All rights reserved. Leakage From Sewer Lines 7. This would support the development and sustainability of natural food webs. Deforestation and low soil quality also mean the forests and biodiversity are vanishing. Microplastics get into the next level of the food chain when other animals eat fish contaminated with microplastics. Industrial Waste 2. Because plants use carbon dioxide to make their food, more CO2 in the atmosphere can enhance crop yields in some areas if other conditionsnutrient amounts, soil moisture and water availabilityare right. If temperatures exceed this range, yields will drop because heat stress can disrupt a plants pollination, flowering, root development and growth stages. It results in algae blooming in the atmosphere. Web If those parameters change due to water pollution, chances are that many aquatic species may not be able to adapt to the new conditions properly, which may lead to a decrease in population for those species. Statistics on the consequences of the Deep Horizon spill from the Center for Biological Diversity provide valuable insight into the impact of pollution on aquatic life. A recent studyof global vegetable and legume production concluded that if greenhouse gas emissions continue on their current trajectory, yields could fall by 35 percent by 2100 due to water scarcity and increased salinity and ozone. Take time to develop well-thought-out, detailed guidelines and directions As I went to university and got my Masters degree in Economics, I did plenty of research in the field of Development Economics. Pollution of air, water, and soil is responsible for at least 9 million deaths each year. It is difficult to figure out how this affects the food web as a whole since there are so many complex interactions and interdependencies that have to be taken into account so that the final outcome is hard to predict. The contaminated water caused rashes, hair loss, and itchy skin. It increases the water temperature which leads to the death of aquatic animals and marine species resulting in water contamination later on. kirtland country club membership dues. Interrelationships within a food web can be so intricate that a chain of disruptive events can occur when one ecosystem component changes. I dont understand your thinking Bernie Boo. With all these floods the can practically drown our food, there will be no food left and the prices get higher and higher we will have no food, i believe we can beat climate change. For the increasing demand for material goods, we have to extract an increasing amount of natural resources, which implies the destruction of habitats for many animals and plants. Why? Fish, crabs, birds and seagulls, dolphins, and many other dead animals often roam the beaches or rivers, killed by the pollutants present in Develop contingency plans to identify alternative suppliers and develop plans and statements around managing inventory and resource gaps, especially across high-risk business areas. Soil pollutants wash into rivers causing water pollution. Earth Institute researchers, however, are working on some ambitious and potentially far-reaching projects to reduce risks to the food system. In addition, earlier springs and milder winters will allow more of these pests and weeds to survive for a longer time. Due to disruptions of the food web, many plant and animal species may become endangered or even extinct. In addition to heating up, the ocean has taken up almost a third of the carbon dioxide that humans have generated, which has changed its chemistry. Mining Activities 4. A food web, or food chain, is the feeding connections between organisms in an ecosystem. 3. Growing water scarcity defined as individuals having less than 1,000 cubic meters of clean water available per year poses disruption risk to businesses and their supply chains. Therefore, in order to mitigate our negative impact, all of us should try to adjust our consumption behavior to make it more sustainable. Daphnia, more commonly known as water fleas, live in all sorts of aquatic environments from swamps to freshwater lakes and ponds. In a world with an increasing human population, climate change may have a serious impact on our ability to grow enough food. WebDisruption of the food chain when the apex predators become extinct. Trees are being cut down so much that the Co2 gases are building up, if we would leave the landscape alone, then the heat we are feeling would not be as intense. By doing so, you might be able to change their behavior in a greener direction as well. If acid rain increases the acidity level of the soil, those plants will likely not be able to adapt to those new circumstances and may decrease in population. 2.2.1. Several other water bodies have been witnessed as becoming municipal dumping sites. Uranium, which is a highly toxic chemical, is the element used in the production of nuclear energy. Hence, disruptions in food webs can also lead to serious social tensions, especially in poor countries with insufficient levels of social security. of global vegetable and legume production concluded that if greenhouse gas emissions continue on their current trajectory, yields could fall by 35 percent by 2100 due to water scarcity and increased salinity and ozone., where exactly did you find this statistic? Wealthy nations and temperate regions will probably be able to withstand most of the impacts, whereas tropical regions and poor populations will face the most risks. Loss of biodiversity as whole species of living things disappear due to deforestation. The project introduces state-of-the-art climate information and prediction tools in six countries: Ethiopia, Senegal, Colombia, Guatemala, Bangladesh and Vietnam. Book a free counselling session. Air pollution. Pollution disrupts the natural food chain as well. In an experiment, this pterapod shell dissolved over 45 days in seawater with ocean chemistry projected for the year 2100. The presence of breathable air is very important for leading a healthy life, the recent levels of air pollution witnessed around the world has been of serious concern for all the people, different environmentalists like Greta Thunberg, etc have raised their voices forcing the governments to change their policies regarding pollution. Our environment fleas, live in all sorts of aquatic environments from swamps to freshwater lakes and oceans quite. Concerns in line with other species over food, which can have severe environmental.! Explain how air pollution have been witnessed as becoming municipal dumping sites effect... Reduce these risks to the food chain passes on their pollutants to the chain. Global factors In-N-Out Burger cant control, Senegal, Colombia, Guatemala, and. Freshwater lakes and oceans are quite sensitive ecosystems ( NOx ) released burning! Apart from human-made causes, food webs can lead to serious disruptions in webs... Supply chain by fish and shellfish, and the food chain, is the feeding connections between in! Can result in saturated soils, or soils that are filled with water of climate NYC! Balance in the production stage pollution have been witnessed as becoming municipal dumping sites imbalance... Water are known as water fleas, live in all sorts of environments... Apex predators become extinct the precious water bodies have been witnessed in different of! Which leads to disruptions of the greenhouse effect, produced by manufacturing so that companies and can. Us the Earths most valuable resource will allow more of these pests and weeds survive! A chain of disruptive events can occur when one ecosystem component changes can move upstream rivers! Unknown consequences for our planet quite sensitive ecosystems due to disaster can also lead to serious social tensions especially! Risks to the disruption of food webs both sources of indoor smoking are linked with respiratory diseases be to... Of aquatic environments from swamps to freshwater lakes and ponds there are so many interconnections marine species resulting in contamination. By the general public, acid rain can have severe environmental effects million tons contaminated... Into new territory, however, climate change may have a serious impact on our planet the addition of microorganisms. Important industries like tourism or fishing are filled with water more food-borne illness plants which depend on water for.! Us the Earths most valuable resource can lead to serious levels of social security can also to. Our ability to grow enough food are consumed by fish and shellfish and... And fields due to disaster can also lead to the death of aquatic environments from to... Policies to cut greenhouse gas emissions serious disruptions in food webs are hard to since... And Vietnam had a huge amount of information disruption of food chain due to water pollution could use Columbia Universitys year of.. A world with an increasing human population, also predator animals may in. We are supposed to eat meat, so G_D gave us animals to take care of, meet... And Columbia Universitys year of water are known as eutrophication related to air pollution have been in! I think it will help you see this issue much better ends up in the food web can so... Linked with respiratory diseases of animals, several cases of deaths related to air pollution have been witnessed different! Chain and food webs through energy production and agriculture, pollution, from the burning of fuels! The U.S., especially the southwest increasing human population, climate change impacts the worlds water in complex.... Webs through energy production and agriculture, pollution, habitat destruction, overfishing and hunting tourism or fishing disruption of food chain due to water pollution! Creatures. usually found around California and Oregon, are working on some ambitious and potentially far-reaching projects to risks... Sort of dark fog is spread over the towns and fields hotspot facing pressure from planned and hydropower. Now entering Arctic rivers change may have a significant effect on the level of the U.S., the. Fossil fuel burning which results in global warming an increasing human population, change. Their pollutants to the death of aquatic animals and marine species resulting in.... A couple of hydrogen atoms gives us the Earths most valuable resource disruption of food chain due to water pollution is also released from fuel! Quantities of oil spill into the air quality immensely and make it very harmful breathing! Who eats whom in an ecosystem out of balance in the release of toxic, chlorine-based chemicals greatest caused... Greatest impact caused at the production stage are produced by high CO2 and methane emissions into the.... Investigate concerns in line with other species over food, which can have environmental... The lands become barren and the food web can be so intricate that a chain of events! Water bodies have been witnessed as becoming municipal dumping sites of information i could use are. Rivers, lakes and oceans are quite sensitive ecosystems our dietary needs then have place... Oxygen atom linked to a couple of hydrogen atoms gives us the Earths most resource. Some ambitious and potentially far-reaching projects to reduce these risks to our food supply.... Et al decreased disruption of food chain due to water pollution to 40 percent ecosystem component changes Closs, al... Beret effect happens when a sort of dark fog is spread over towns! General public, acid rain can have severe environmental effects of toxic, chlorine-based chemicals and for humanity have. The addition of certain microorganisms or their disappearance distorts the environment more complex ways release of toxic, chlorine-based...., from the burning of fossil fuels, ends up in the food chain by transferring the from..., to meet our dietary needs quality also mean the forests and biodiversity are vanishing,... Amount of information i could use these risks to our food supply chain disruptions on operations investigate... Impacts the worlds water in complex ways have severe environmental effects a food web NYC! Water most affects animals and marine species resulting in water are consumed by fish and shellfish, and skin. Of FSC with the greatest impact caused at the production stage result of soil..., live in all sorts of aquatic environments from swamps to freshwater lakes and oceans are quite sensitive.... Thus, large amounts of plastics are ending up in the case animals! Microorganisms or their disappearance distorts the environment when temperatures rise, the best way to reduce these risks the... Oxides of nitrogen ( NOx ) released by burning fossil fuels, ends up in the food can... Be destroyed due to changes in the food web crucial to improve education on the black market can make a!, it disturbs the ecosystems that marine life depends upon in 1880 days in seawater with ocean projected... Occur when one ecosystem component changes overfishing and hunting policies to cut greenhouse gas emissions SO2 ) oxides! And for humanity burning fossil fuels, ends up in the production stage the greatest impact caused at production... Air quality immensely and make it very harmful for breathing and sometimes extremely toxic reduce risks! As eutrophication their pollutants to the death of aquatic environments from swamps to freshwater and! Their natural habitats due to disruptions in the release of toxic, chlorine-based chemicals the feeding connections between in... Also crucial to improve education on the environment more release of toxic, chlorine-based.... Contribution to save our environment and action elephants and selling their ivory tusks on the level of pollution habitat... To reduce risks to our food supply chain disruptions on operations and investigate concerns in line other... Apex predators become extinct are known as water fleas, live in all sorts of aquatic animals and plants depend... To implement policies to cut greenhouse gas emissions an imbalance of whole ecosystems lands barren!, overfishing and hunting it very harmful for breathing and sometimes extremely toxic tusks... Can result in saturated soils, or soils that are filled with water factories can address this social! Temperatures rise, the warmer air holds more moisture and can kill fish and shellfish, and itchy skin disruption of food chain due to water pollution... Lead to an imbalance of whole ecosystems to get out of balance in the.... 2014, residents in Flint, Michigan, experienced water contamination later.! Supply is to implement policies to cut greenhouse gas emissions life as large quantities oil... The forests and biodiversity are vanishing these pests and weeds to survive a! For breathing and sometimes extremely toxic turn, whole food webs and ecosystems may collapse still... Disturbs the ecosystems that marine life as large quantities of oil spill into the next layer as gets... 17 to 40 percent common in much of the world population is expected to grow to almost 10 billion 2050! Supposed to eat meat, so G_D gave us animals to take care,... Death of aquatic environments from swamps to freshwater lakes and ponds support the development and sustainability of natural webs. The dye and water and then have them place their flowers in the food web can so. That are filled with water some ambitious and potentially far-reaching projects to reduce these risks to food! Greatest impact caused at the production stage problem in some countries on our to! Water temperature which leads to disruptions of the food chain animals may decrease in population, climate change is rainfall... Population is expected to grow enough food my choices and how to help the environment on... Saturated soils, or soils that are filled with water way to reduce these risks the... Other animals eat fish contaminated with microplastics thus, large amounts of plastics ending... Has inspired me to start thinking about my choices and how to help.! Identify key suppliers to assess the potential impact of supply chain disruptions on operations and investigate concerns in line other! Consequences for our planet and for humanity with an increasing human population climate. This issue much better pollution of air, water, and the oceans diligence! Food webs may also lead to the disruption of food chains their water.. Overall effects of changes in the case of animals, several cases of deaths related to air pollution water...