Consult with your veterinarian for guidance on maintaining your dogs oral health. Dr. Nicholas spent many years as an emergency and general practice veterinarian obsessed with keeping pets safe and healthy. However, some peanut butters are healthier than others. Absolutely! Xylitolingestion has been associated with acute liver disease. .rxmti642e4111a36a1 { Our most popular Peanut Butter contains at least 85% peanuts which are sourced from Australia and Argentina. All you need is peanuts! Brands include: All Smiles, Nfco, Biotene, Grants, Listerine, Macleans, Oral-b, Ecostore, Jack N Jill, White Glo. Therefore, to ensure that peanut butter is safe for your dog you just need to check the label. In humans its quite safe other than having a laxative effect at high doses. We cover Skippy creamy peanut butter. Peanut butter is safe for dogs, but there are some side effects if not given in the correct proportion to your paw baby. You can also consider using peanut butter-flavored dental chews or treats to help clean your dogs teeth and freshen their breath. According to the Bega website their peanut butter contains no added sugar salt artificial colours or flavours making it a healthier option compared to other brands. Brands like Jif and Smuckers add sugar salt and other artificial ingredients to their peanut butter which can be harmful to dogs. Required fields are marked *. You can even use animal-based oils, like fish oil. While peanut butter contains a fair amount of healthy fats, its important to give it to your dog in moderation. Bega answered the user that the product is free of the sugar alternative. It can be a good source of protein and healthy fat for your dog in moderation, of course. We also make sure that none of our peanut butter products contain any GMO ingredients, artificial colours or flavours. In doing my research and in making myself open to their rights, it only makes sense. 2- Sort By Dog Friendliness Simply Click the Column Dog Friendliness and all the best peanut butter for dogs will be at the top. Be a part of the worlds largest trust commerce platform for wellness. 
However, it might surprise you to learn that peanut butter can be dangerous to dogs in more ways than one. That peanut butter sitting in your pantry is probably safe for your dog. Wow! Remember that while low-sugar peanut butter may be a better option than regular peanut butter for dogs who need to watch their sugar intake, it should still be given in moderation as a treat and not as a primary source of nutrition. Peanut butter is one thing, but jelly should be off-limits to your dog. Answer: If you accidentally give your dog too much Bega peanut butter dont panic. Vitamin E can also help support immune system function and improve skin and coat health. There are many different types of peanut butter treats that you can make or buy for your dog. My dog cant get enough of it. As an online informational resource, Preventive Vet is unable to and does not provide specific medical advice or counseling. These links cost readers nothing and do not impact review results. 2- Sort By Dog Friendliness Simply Click the Column Dog Friendliness and all the best peanut butter for dogs will be at the top. The healthy fats in peanut butter can also provide a good energy source for dogs. Peanut butter is excellent for lining the insideof a Kong toy to entertain your dog. Yes! 21/05/2022. Proteins are made up of amino acids, the building blocks of life. Some brands of peanut butter contain added sugars, salt, and other ingredients that can harm dogs. The ingredients in Pb&me are partially defatted peanuts, organic cane sugar and sea salt. In conclusion, peanut butter can be a safe and healthy dog treat when given in moderation and when the right variety is chosen. It can be a good source of protein and healthy fat for your dog in moderation, of course. 3. The primary dental concern with peanut butter is that it can stick to your dogs teeth and gums, which can lead to the formation of plaque and tartar. They were nearly gagging! Share insights | Review products | Enable people to make better wellness decisions. to meet their nutritional needs, and some of these amino acids are essential, which means they cannot be produced by the dogs body and must be obtained through their diet. All we eat is Teddy All Natural and have had 3 dogs live way past 20 years of age. Note: Manufacturers may add, change, or remove ingredients without warning. I have a long haired black mexican chihuahua who wants to join LOL anyhows good for you for running a club for these kiddies. 
The trick is to know which foods to avoid. } Too much peanut butter, even if its a brand thats safe for dogs, can still be detrimental to your dogs health. Enzymes are essential for digestion and other metabolic processes, while antibodies are necessary for the immune system and help fight off infections. Just like our previous recommendation, the chunky peanut butter worked well as stuffing inside kong toys and smearing over lick mats. The following list is compiled from information published on the Coles, Woolworths, Harris Farm & GroceryRun websites on 21 Jan, 2020. They may also be more prone to heat stroke and other heat-related illnesses. WebPEANUT BUTTER THAT IS SAFE FOR DOGS AND FOR CATS IN AUSTRALIA The brands below are the ones that have been checked by Paws & Effect and are clear of XYLITOL Mother Earth Dick Smith OzEnuts Kraft Natural Kraft Smooth and Crunchy Kraft Light Sanitarium Woolworths Select Homebrand Bramwell American Peanut butter New Cat Poisons: Hair Dyes, Hair Loss Treatments & Diclofenac, If xylitol was absorbed, blood tests will be required, A glucose drip may be needed to maintain blood sugars until the xylitol is gone. Best Peanut butter training treats for dogs, You must avoid adding any ingredients that may be harmful to them, such as salt or sugar, and most importantly, it should be. Thousands of dogs are poisoned each year by eating food containing xylitol, including peanut butter. Fortunately, our dogs couldnt taste the difference. For more Lifestyle related news and videos check out Lifestyle >> However experts warn that low-sugar varieties of peanut butter could include xylitol as a sweetener. It was very recently, we are at a hotel and the front desk clerk had some pb packets and we were giving the dog some he ate alot of it, I give my small dog jiff creamy peanut butter gluten free he seems to love it I dont give it to him very often and he seems to be okay. End of story end of conclusion end of article. Not a problem, Teddie Super Chunky Peanut Butter has you covered. You can make your own frozen peanut butter treats for your dog by mixing peanut butter and plain yogurt and freezing the mixture in ice cube trays. Peanut butter is excellent for lining the inside of a Kong toy to entertain your dog. 
Its definitely not for me I wont be smearing this one across my toast. We have already mentioned that xylitol is a toxic element that is present, but have you wondered why xylitol in peanut butter is not wanted at all? You must avoid adding any ingredients that may be harmful to them, such as salt or sugar, and most importantly, it should be xylitol-free peanut butter. This is due to the high-fat content in peanut butter, which makes it a tasty and satisfying treat for them. 2. It's an all-natural sugar substitute thats fine for people, but its extremely poisonous to dogs and poisons thousands of dogs each year. The nuts are crushed small enough that they shouldnt pose a choking hazard, even in small breeds like chihuahuas. Some peanut butter brands may contain preservatives and artificial flavors, which can harm dogs. Its unfortunate people dont actually READ the article, before asking questions. Answer: Yes you can give your dog Bega peanut butter every day. Just because your peanut butter is xylitol free doesnt mean its good for your dog. Peanut butter is an excellent source of healthy fats, protein, and other nutrients that can benefit dogs, and it can also be a valuable tool for administering medication or training. Answer: Yes Bega peanut butter is safe for dogs. It has more information plus links to our preferred peanut butter for dogs. Hydrogenated oils keep peanut butter from separating, but they are also high in trans fats, which can harm dogs and humans. Its important never to give your dog peanut butter or any other product that contains xylitol. Like other types of peanut butter, you should give it in moderation to avoid overfeeding and potential weight gain. 
Sikha is the content writer of Zotezo, where she's been researching and testing out home and living products. Jiff peanut butter may not immediately harm your dog, but it does contain unnecessary ingredients like sugar and that can lead to an increased risk of obesity and heart disease. Find your jar of Simply Nuts in all major supermarkets now. This is dose dependent. Is it safe to give dogs Bega peanut butter? pagespeed.deferIframe.convertToIframe(); Visit us: 61 Princes Hwy, Dapto, NSW 2530. Crazy Richard's All Natural Creamy Peanut Butter, Please do not ask emergency or other specific medical questions about your pets. Peanut butter with added sugar and salt is high in calories, and overfeeding can cause your dog to gain weight. If you are in doubt, we recommend speaking to your Vet. I love peanut butter because its so versatile. The following are commonly bought natural peanut butters and would also make great peanut butters for dogs. And read labels and ingredient lists carefully don't assume that "all-natural" or "no artificial sweeteners" on the front label means it'll be safe for your dog. But that doesnt completely rule out the possibility. Best of all, it tastes great. Peanut Butter Recipe for Dogs. I have always been an animal lover, never to the extent of being an advocate for the rights of animals, until recently, Hank wrote in the closing of that letter. Either way, it's best to hold the jelly and jam when it comes to treating your dog. } You can also make peanut butter and banana treats for your dog by combining mashed bananas with peanut butter and baking them in the oven. Why put them in danger, and why would we hurt the ones that we love?. If xylitol is not listed than it is safe to use as a treat for your dog. Some brands of peanut butter may contain xylitol, a sweetener that is toxic to dogs. In that case, peanut butter is safe and even healthy for your dog when consumed in small amounts. Peanut butter is a good magnesium source for muscle and nerve function and bone health. Highly recommended. It wasnt suitable for stuffing dog toys. The best solution? With a food processor or sturdy blender, whip the peanuts until smooth. Good work mate, The Source Bulk Wholefoods, Keto Peanut Butter Granola. 
} Although Bega peanut butter is generally safe for dogs to consume in moderation, there are some risks associated with feeding your dog too much peanut butter. WebDogs can eat peanut butter thats made 100% from peanuts, with zero additives. Peanut butter has long been regarded as a safe and tasty treat for dogs, and is often given to pooches to disguise medications and reward good behaviour. High-calorie intake is unsuitable for dogs because it can lead to weight gain and obesity. Answer: Yes Bega peanut butter is safe for puppies. Why? We earn a commission for qualifying purchases at no cost to you. We always recommend checking with your local council on their recycling guidelines. If xylitol is not listed than it is safe to use as a treat for your dog. When she isnt writing, you can most likely find her traveling, trekking, listening to poets andreadingnovels. Yes Bega peanut butter is safe for dogs. Ans: The amount of peanut butter appropriate for your dog depends on their health needs and dietary requirements. Summary 
This way, you can be sure of the quality of the ingredients and avoid any potential additives or contaminants present in store-bought peanut butter. Can I give my dog Bega peanut butter if they are pregnant? Can you tell me if Wegmans PB IS ok for dogs? As mentioned before, too much peanut butter can cause an upset stomach and can lead to excessive weight gain. Good & Gather Organic Stir Creamy/Crunchy, Kirkland Signature Organic Creamy/Crunchy, Peanut Butter & Co Old Fashioned Smooth/Crunchy, Amazon Brand (Happy Belly) Creamy/Crunchy. And there's a one-word answer as to why Xylitol! Best CBD oil for dogs in Australia 2023, Best Guinea Pig Cages in Australia 2023. The following commonly bought peanut butters are not recommended for dogs because they add sweeteners, preservatives, transfats, or other unnecessary ingredients. Heartworm, Flea and Worm Protection for Dogs, Treating mites, lice, worms and disease in poultry, Feeding Bones To Dogs Is Linked To Less Dental Disease, A Review of Purinas Cat Allergen Reducing Diet. This can be caused by dehydration, lack of fiber in the diet, or other medical conditions. High-fat diets and extra calories can lead to obesity and life-threatening pancreatitis. Its believed xylitol poisoning can start just 20 minutes after it has been ingested by a dog. Peanut butter contains B vitamins, including niacin, which is vital for energy metabolism, and vitamin B6, which is essential for brain function. This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions. Bega answered the user that the product is free of the sugar alternative. Answer: If your dog doesnt like Bega peanut butter you can try another brand of peanut butter or another type of food altogether. Mobile Phone Users, Turn Your Phone Sideways to See All Columns. Like with all high-fat foods, you should only give your dog peanut butter occasionally. If xylitol is listed as an additive in theingredients do not give it to your dog. Second, some jelly contains dog-dangerous xylitol. If you see xylitol listed as an ingredient, dont give it to your dog save it for your human pals. There are 2 clinical causes of xylitol toxicity in dogs: 1. BEGA PEANUT BUTTER - Charlie spot 2 - It's the same. If you want to add some sweetness, try mixing in a small amount of honey or mashed banana, which are safe and healthy for dogs in moderation. Peanut butters sticky and creamy texture can be enjoyable for dogs to lick and chew on, providing a satisfying and interactive experience. This picture was taken when Frodo was 11. Fortunately, there are plenty of affordable store-bought brands that are free from unwanted ingredients. The purpose of this guide was to point out healthy vs. unhealthy peanut butters. According to the Bega website their peanut butter contains no added sugar salt artificial colours or flavours making it a healthier option compared to other brands. Brands like Jif and Smuckers add sugar salt and other artificial ingredients to their peanut butter which can be harmful to dogs. BEGA, the BEGA device, the SIMPLY NUTS device,CRUNCH OMETER and NEVER OILY NEVER DRY are trade marks of Bega Cheese Limited. This type of peanut butter is a good option for dogs who have sensitivities or allergies to conventional peanuts or who are on an organic or natural diet. Avoid peanut butter that contains added sugars, hydrogenated oils, and artificial preservatives. You should speak to your vet before adding peanut butter to your dogs diet. Made in Port Melbourne with the same Never Oily, Never Dry recipe youve always loved. Will just serve them much smaller portions of real peanut butter. Or both? is a sugar substitute sometimes used in peanut butter and other human foods as a sugar-free sweetener. Now, for you or me, xylitol is basically harmless. This is a normal behavior of true peanut butters that contain just peanuts and maybe a pinch of salt.
However, it might surprise you to learn that peanut butter can be dangerous to dogs in more ways than one. That peanut butter sitting in your pantry is probably safe for your dog. Wow! Remember that while low-sugar peanut butter may be a better option than regular peanut butter for dogs who need to watch their sugar intake, it should still be given in moderation as a treat and not as a primary source of nutrition. Peanut butter is one thing, but jelly should be off-limits to your dog. Answer: If you accidentally give your dog too much Bega peanut butter dont panic. Vitamin E can also help support immune system function and improve skin and coat health. There are many different types of peanut butter treats that you can make or buy for your dog. My dog cant get enough of it. As an online informational resource, Preventive Vet is unable to and does not provide specific medical advice or counseling. These links cost readers nothing and do not impact review results. 2- Sort By Dog Friendliness Simply Click the Column Dog Friendliness and all the best peanut butter for dogs will be at the top. The healthy fats in peanut butter can also provide a good energy source for dogs. Peanut butter is excellent for lining the insideof a Kong toy to entertain your dog. Yes! 21/05/2022. Proteins are made up of amino acids, the building blocks of life. Some brands of peanut butter contain added sugars, salt, and other ingredients that can harm dogs. The ingredients in Pb&me are partially defatted peanuts, organic cane sugar and sea salt. In conclusion, peanut butter can be a safe and healthy dog treat when given in moderation and when the right variety is chosen. It can be a good source of protein and healthy fat for your dog in moderation, of course. 3. The primary dental concern with peanut butter is that it can stick to your dogs teeth and gums, which can lead to the formation of plaque and tartar. They were nearly gagging! Share insights | Review products | Enable people to make better wellness decisions. to meet their nutritional needs, and some of these amino acids are essential, which means they cannot be produced by the dogs body and must be obtained through their diet. All we eat is Teddy All Natural and have had 3 dogs live way past 20 years of age. Note: Manufacturers may add, change, or remove ingredients without warning. I have a long haired black mexican chihuahua who wants to join LOL anyhows good for you for running a club for these kiddies. The trick is to know which foods to avoid. } Too much peanut butter, even if its a brand thats safe for dogs, can still be detrimental to your dogs health. Enzymes are essential for digestion and other metabolic processes, while antibodies are necessary for the immune system and help fight off infections. Just like our previous recommendation, the chunky peanut butter worked well as stuffing inside kong toys and smearing over lick mats. The following list is compiled from information published on the Coles, Woolworths, Harris Farm & GroceryRun websites on 21 Jan, 2020. They may also be more prone to heat stroke and other heat-related illnesses. WebPEANUT BUTTER THAT IS SAFE FOR DOGS AND FOR CATS IN AUSTRALIA The brands below are the ones that have been checked by Paws & Effect and are clear of XYLITOL Mother Earth Dick Smith OzEnuts Kraft Natural Kraft Smooth and Crunchy Kraft Light Sanitarium Woolworths Select Homebrand Bramwell American Peanut butter New Cat Poisons: Hair Dyes, Hair Loss Treatments & Diclofenac, If xylitol was absorbed, blood tests will be required, A glucose drip may be needed to maintain blood sugars until the xylitol is gone. Best Peanut butter training treats for dogs, You must avoid adding any ingredients that may be harmful to them, such as salt or sugar, and most importantly, it should be. Thousands of dogs are poisoned each year by eating food containing xylitol, including peanut butter. Fortunately, our dogs couldnt taste the difference. For more Lifestyle related news and videos check out Lifestyle >> However experts warn that low-sugar varieties of peanut butter could include xylitol as a sweetener. It was very recently, we are at a hotel and the front desk clerk had some pb packets and we were giving the dog some he ate alot of it, I give my small dog jiff creamy peanut butter gluten free he seems to love it I dont give it to him very often and he seems to be okay. End of story end of conclusion end of article. Not a problem, Teddie Super Chunky Peanut Butter has you covered. You can make your own frozen peanut butter treats for your dog by mixing peanut butter and plain yogurt and freezing the mixture in ice cube trays. Peanut butter is excellent for lining the inside of a Kong toy to entertain your dog. Its definitely not for me I wont be smearing this one across my toast. We have already mentioned that xylitol is a toxic element that is present, but have you wondered why xylitol in peanut butter is not wanted at all? You must avoid adding any ingredients that may be harmful to them, such as salt or sugar, and most importantly, it should be xylitol-free peanut butter. This is due to the high-fat content in peanut butter, which makes it a tasty and satisfying treat for them. 2. It's an all-natural sugar substitute thats fine for people, but its extremely poisonous to dogs and poisons thousands of dogs each year. The nuts are crushed small enough that they shouldnt pose a choking hazard, even in small breeds like chihuahuas. Some peanut butter brands may contain preservatives and artificial flavors, which can harm dogs. Its unfortunate people dont actually READ the article, before asking questions. Answer: Yes you can give your dog Bega peanut butter every day. Just because your peanut butter is xylitol free doesnt mean its good for your dog. Peanut butter is an excellent source of healthy fats, protein, and other nutrients that can benefit dogs, and it can also be a valuable tool for administering medication or training. Answer: Yes Bega peanut butter is safe for dogs. It has more information plus links to our preferred peanut butter for dogs. Hydrogenated oils keep peanut butter from separating, but they are also high in trans fats, which can harm dogs and humans. Its important never to give your dog peanut butter or any other product that contains xylitol. Like other types of peanut butter, you should give it in moderation to avoid overfeeding and potential weight gain. Sikha is the content writer of Zotezo, where she's been researching and testing out home and living products. Jiff peanut butter may not immediately harm your dog, but it does contain unnecessary ingredients like sugar and that can lead to an increased risk of obesity and heart disease. Find your jar of Simply Nuts in all major supermarkets now. This is dose dependent. Is it safe to give dogs Bega peanut butter? pagespeed.deferIframe.convertToIframe(); Visit us: 61 Princes Hwy, Dapto, NSW 2530. Crazy Richard's All Natural Creamy Peanut Butter, Please do not ask emergency or other specific medical questions about your pets. Peanut butter with added sugar and salt is high in calories, and overfeeding can cause your dog to gain weight. If you are in doubt, we recommend speaking to your Vet. I love peanut butter because its so versatile. The following are commonly bought natural peanut butters and would also make great peanut butters for dogs. And read labels and ingredient lists carefully don't assume that "all-natural" or "no artificial sweeteners" on the front label means it'll be safe for your dog. But that doesnt completely rule out the possibility. Best of all, it tastes great. Peanut Butter Recipe for Dogs. I have always been an animal lover, never to the extent of being an advocate for the rights of animals, until recently, Hank wrote in the closing of that letter. Either way, it's best to hold the jelly and jam when it comes to treating your dog. } You can also make peanut butter and banana treats for your dog by combining mashed bananas with peanut butter and baking them in the oven. Why put them in danger, and why would we hurt the ones that we love?. If xylitol is not listed than it is safe to use as a treat for your dog. Some brands of peanut butter may contain xylitol, a sweetener that is toxic to dogs. In that case, peanut butter is safe and even healthy for your dog when consumed in small amounts. Peanut butter is a good magnesium source for muscle and nerve function and bone health. Highly recommended. It wasnt suitable for stuffing dog toys. The best solution? With a food processor or sturdy blender, whip the peanuts until smooth. Good work mate, The Source Bulk Wholefoods, Keto Peanut Butter Granola. } Although Bega peanut butter is generally safe for dogs to consume in moderation, there are some risks associated with feeding your dog too much peanut butter. WebDogs can eat peanut butter thats made 100% from peanuts, with zero additives. Peanut butter has long been regarded as a safe and tasty treat for dogs, and is often given to pooches to disguise medications and reward good behaviour. High-calorie intake is unsuitable for dogs because it can lead to weight gain and obesity. Answer: Yes Bega peanut butter is safe for puppies. Why? We earn a commission for qualifying purchases at no cost to you. We always recommend checking with your local council on their recycling guidelines. If xylitol is not listed than it is safe to use as a treat for your dog. When she isnt writing, you can most likely find her traveling, trekking, listening to poets andreadingnovels. Yes Bega peanut butter is safe for dogs. Ans: The amount of peanut butter appropriate for your dog depends on their health needs and dietary requirements. Summary This way, you can be sure of the quality of the ingredients and avoid any potential additives or contaminants present in store-bought peanut butter. Can I give my dog Bega peanut butter if they are pregnant? Can you tell me if Wegmans PB IS ok for dogs? As mentioned before, too much peanut butter can cause an upset stomach and can lead to excessive weight gain. Good & Gather Organic Stir Creamy/Crunchy, Kirkland Signature Organic Creamy/Crunchy, Peanut Butter & Co Old Fashioned Smooth/Crunchy, Amazon Brand (Happy Belly) Creamy/Crunchy. And there's a one-word answer as to why Xylitol! Best CBD oil for dogs in Australia 2023, Best Guinea Pig Cages in Australia 2023. The following commonly bought peanut butters are not recommended for dogs because they add sweeteners, preservatives, transfats, or other unnecessary ingredients. Heartworm, Flea and Worm Protection for Dogs, Treating mites, lice, worms and disease in poultry, Feeding Bones To Dogs Is Linked To Less Dental Disease, A Review of Purinas Cat Allergen Reducing Diet. This can be caused by dehydration, lack of fiber in the diet, or other medical conditions. High-fat diets and extra calories can lead to obesity and life-threatening pancreatitis. Its believed xylitol poisoning can start just 20 minutes after it has been ingested by a dog. Peanut butter contains B vitamins, including niacin, which is vital for energy metabolism, and vitamin B6, which is essential for brain function. This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions. Bega answered the user that the product is free of the sugar alternative. Answer: If your dog doesnt like Bega peanut butter you can try another brand of peanut butter or another type of food altogether. Mobile Phone Users, Turn Your Phone Sideways to See All Columns. Like with all high-fat foods, you should only give your dog peanut butter occasionally. If xylitol is listed as an additive in theingredients do not give it to your dog. Second, some jelly contains dog-dangerous xylitol. If you see xylitol listed as an ingredient, dont give it to your dog save it for your human pals. There are 2 clinical causes of xylitol toxicity in dogs: 1. BEGA PEANUT BUTTER - Charlie spot 2 - It's the same. If you want to add some sweetness, try mixing in a small amount of honey or mashed banana, which are safe and healthy for dogs in moderation. Peanut butters sticky and creamy texture can be enjoyable for dogs to lick and chew on, providing a satisfying and interactive experience. This picture was taken when Frodo was 11. Fortunately, there are plenty of affordable store-bought brands that are free from unwanted ingredients. The purpose of this guide was to point out healthy vs. unhealthy peanut butters. According to the Bega website their peanut butter contains no added sugar salt artificial colours or flavours making it a healthier option compared to other brands. Brands like Jif and Smuckers add sugar salt and other artificial ingredients to their peanut butter which can be harmful to dogs. BEGA, the BEGA device, the SIMPLY NUTS device,CRUNCH OMETER and NEVER OILY NEVER DRY are trade marks of Bega Cheese Limited. This type of peanut butter is a good option for dogs who have sensitivities or allergies to conventional peanuts or who are on an organic or natural diet. Avoid peanut butter that contains added sugars, hydrogenated oils, and artificial preservatives. You should speak to your vet before adding peanut butter to your dogs diet. Made in Port Melbourne with the same Never Oily, Never Dry recipe youve always loved. Will just serve them much smaller portions of real peanut butter. Or both? is a sugar substitute sometimes used in peanut butter and other human foods as a sugar-free sweetener. Now, for you or me, xylitol is basically harmless. This is a normal behavior of true peanut butters that contain just peanuts and maybe a pinch of salt.